Views: 0 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2021-07-09 Origin: Site
As the COVID-19 pandemic still poses a threat to regions across the globe, consumers' awareness of sterilization and disinfection has rapidly increased. Driven by the surge in demand for UVC LED series products, it has also promoted investment in UVC LED technology research and development. Various manufacturers have developed various products, but do these products meet the relevant requirements?
From the perspective of product production, there are many considerations in every link from epitaxial chips to packaging to finished products. We will introduce the relevant content of UVC LED packaging to better understand UVC LED packaging products.
1. The particularity of UVC LED packaging form, process and material selection
Currently, UVC LED packaging has three forms: organic packaging, semi-inorganic packaging (also called "near inorganic packaging") and all-inorganic packaging.
Organic encapsulation uses organic materials such as silica gel, silicone resin, or epoxy resin, and mainly includes products such as Lamp, SMD, and ceramic molding. The overall technology is relatively mature, but the UV resistance needs to be further improved.
Semi-inorganic packaging (also called "near inorganic packaging") uses organic silicon materials with inorganic materials such as glass.
The all-inorganic package avoids the use of organic materials in the whole process, and realizes the combination of the lens and the substrate through laser welding, wave soldering, resistance welding, etc., completely reducing the light decay caused by organic materials and the failure caused by damp heat stress, and can effectively improve the stability and reliability of the UVC LED device.
At present, semi-inorganic packaging products are still the mainstream in the market, mainly composed of ceramic holders with cups and quartz glass. The placement of lenses is achieved by coating the edge area of the ceramic substrate with cups with anti-ultraviolet glue. Specifically, the glue is dispensed on the top of the cup or on the steps, and then covered with quartz glass for curing and bonding.
In the selection of materials, UVC LED packaging is different from general LEDs. First of all, the choice of quartz glass is because quartz is an inorganic substance and will not be affected by ultraviolet rays, and quartz glass has a high transmittance to the UVC band. Secondly, in terms of heat dissipation substrates, due to the low photoelectric conversion efficiency of UVC LEDs, most of which are converted into heat, aluminum nitride heat dissipation substrates with high thermal conductivity are generally used. In addition, UVC has a bad effect on glue. Therefore, the requirements for the UV resistance of the glue for bonding the glass and the bracket are higher than that of the general LED package.
It is also worth noting that some manufacturers use alumina heat dissipation substrates. Both aluminum nitride and alumina substrates are ceramic substrates. The main difference between the two is that the thermal conductivity of aluminum nitride is much higher than that of alumina. Among them, the thermal conductivity of aluminum nitride is generally about 140W/mK-170W/mK, while the thermal conductivity of aluminum oxide is only about 30W/mK.
Alumina ceramics are generally white with low thermal conductivity and are usually used in low-power products. However, alumina ceramics are more brittle and more easily broken than aluminum nitride, so corners are prone to chipping during the dicing and cutting process. Aluminum nitride ceramics are generally gray-black, with high thermal conductivity, and are usually used in high-power products. In addition, there are also alumina ceramics doped with carbon powder on the market, which are also gray-black, but with lower thermal conductivity.
2. Thermal management and air tightness affect the quality of UVC LED packaging products
The quality of UVC LED packaging products is affected by thermal management and air tightness, which are also technical difficulties in the packaging process. Among them, thermal management directly affects the life of UVC LED packaging products, while air tightness determines its reliability to a large extent.
UVC LED is sensitive to heat, and its external quantum efficiency (EQE) is low. Only a small part of electric energy is converted into light, and most of the electric energy is converted into heat, which directly affects the service life of the chip. In view of this, at this stage, many products are based on flip-chip solutions with high thermal conductivity aluminum nitride substrates. Aluminum nitride has excellent thermal conductivity, can withstand the aging of the ultraviolet light source itself, and can meet the needs of high thermal management of UVC LEDs.
In addition to materials, the packaging process is also an influencing factor for thermal management. The packaging process is mainly embodied in die-bonding technology, including three methods: silver paste soldering, solder paste soldering and Au-Sn eutectic soldering.
Although the bonding force of silver paste soldering is good, it is easy to cause silver migration and cause device failure. As for solder paste soldering, since the melting point of the solder paste is only about 220 degrees, it will remelt after the device is placed in the furnace again, and the chip will easily fall off and fail, which affects the reliability of the UVC LED.
Au-Sn eutectic soldering mainly uses flux to perform eutectic soldering, which can effectively improve the bonding strength and thermal conductivity of the chip and the substrate. In contrast, it has higher reliability and is beneficial to the quality control of UVC LEDs. Therefore, the gold-tin eutectic welding method is mostly used in the market.
In the welding process, the problem of welding void rate is mainly involved. Welding voids refer to defects formed during the welding of LED chips and substrates. They appear as voids in appearance. They are an important indicator that affects heat dissipation. The lower the welding void rate, the better the heat dissipation effect, the longer the product life, and the better the quality.
In terms of reliability, the packaging form is one of the influencing factors, but the key is air tightness. In the semi-inorganic package form, the glass lens and the ceramic substrate with a cup are connected by glue to form a closed cavity. Since the closed cavity cannot be vacuumed, when the glue is thermally cured, the air in the cavity is easily heated to expand and overflow, forming bubbles, and forming air channels in severe cases. At this time, external water vapor and impurities can enter the product through bubbles and air channels, causing pollution to materials such as chips and substrates, seriously affecting the air tightness of the product, and thus affecting the light emission and reliability. Therefore, air tightness has a great influence on the quality of UVC LED packaging, and the process technology is very important.
More read: Can UVC LED inactivate E. coli in water?
3. UVC packaging format: semi-inorganic packaging is the main, all-inorganic packaging is supplemented
In addition to thermal management and air tightness, UV resistance is also one of the technical difficulties of UVC LED packaging. In order to improve the anti-ultraviolet performance of products, many manufacturers have stepped up the development of all-inorganic packaging products.
(1) Cost-effective all-inorganic UVC devices with obvious cost advantages. The product has the characteristics of high temperature resistance, higher current resistance and UV radiation resistance.
(2) High-power ceramic package, using ceramic material package, the product has good heat dissipation performance.
(3) Inorganic packaging technology, aiming to develop and design UVC LED products with high optical power, high reliability, long life and high cost performance.
In the next year or two, the market will still be dominated by semi-inorganic packaging and supplemented by all-inorganic packaging. However, with the improvement and innovation of the UV resistance of organic materials, organic packaging such as fluororesin will likely regain a part of the market share.
More read: Knowledge and application of UVC ultraviolet rays
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